In 2013-2014, the crude prevalence of self-reported diabetes was highest in participants who were 60 years or older (17% vs. 2% in 20- to 39-year-olds), in non-Hispanic blacks (12% vs. 8% in Mexican-Americans and 7% in non-Hispanic whites), and in those who were obese (14% vs. 5%).
Chart Explanation: The crude prevalence of self-reported diabetes was dramatically different by age throughout 1999 to 2014. Specifically in 2013-2014, the youngest adults (20-39 years old) reported having diabetes at a rate of 1.8%, whereas those in the middle years (40-59 years old) reported at a rate of 10.8%, and those who were elderly reported the highest rates (60-69, 20.3%; 70+, 19.9%; P<.001, by X2 test). The burden of self-reported diabetes differed by race/ethnicity, with non-Hispanic blacks (13.1%) having greater rates than non-Hispanic whites (9.6%) and Mexican-Americans (11.2%; P=.02, by X2 test). As expected, crude prevalence of self-reported diabetes was highest among those who were obese vs. not obese (10.1% vs. 6.2%; P<.001, by X2 test).
The NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) is a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey that is currently conducted every 2 years by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics to examine disease prevalence and trends over time in noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian residents.
Diabetes-associated nephropathy is one of the two main causes of CKD. Diabetic nephropathy accounts for 30-40% of CKD and 44% of incident ESRD in the United States (United States Renal Data System, 2011). Additionally, diabetes-related CKD is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (Foley et al., 2005; Go, Chertow, Fan, McCulloch, & Hsu, 2004). Thus, assessing the burden of this risk factor is essential to CKD surveillance. The NHANES surveys are currently conducted every 2 years by the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics to examine disease prevalence and trends over time in different cross-sectional representative samples of noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian residents. The survey consists of a standardized in-home interview and a physical examination and blood and urine collection at a mobile examination center (MEC). Here we examined data from the 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014 NHANES. Self-reported diabetes was defined by answer of “yes” to the question “have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have diabetes or sugar diabetes?” Glycohemoglobin, which was approved as a diagnostic test for diabetes in 2010 (American Diabetes Association, 2010), was measured in all participants; fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests (2005-2014 only) were conducted in subsets of the NHANES participants. Medications were recorded from prescription bottles during the interview; metformin HCL, insulin, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, meglitinides, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptors, SGLT2 inhibitors and any combination thereof were considered diabetes medications.
| Field | Data |
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| Description of Measure | Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and glycemic control in the general population |
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| Data Source | NCHS |
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| Type of Data Source | Public |
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| Data Set | NHANES |
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| Health Care System Data | No |
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| Regional or National? | National |
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| Demographic Group | Non-institutionalized U.S. residents aged 12+ years (20+ for adults) |
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| Numerator | Non-pregnant participants with completed surveys or fasting glucose levels who report having diabetes (or with elevated fasting glucose) |
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| Denominator | Non-pregnant participants with completed surveys (or fasting glucose levels) |
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| Primary Data Source Indicator | diq010: “Other than during pregnancy, have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have diabetes or sugar diabetes?” yes/no |
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| Primary Indicator Method of Measurement | Questionnaire (interviewer-administered); ages 1+ |
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| Secondary (1) Variable | lbxglu: Fasting plasma glucose (subsample) |
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| Secondary (1) Indicator Method of Measurement | Examination/Laboratory |
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| Secondary (2) Variable | rhd143, rhd141/rhd140, urxpreg: current pregnancy |
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| Secondary (2) Indicator Method of Measurement | Questionnaire (interviewer-administered) or exam (urine pregnancy status) |
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| Secondary (3) Variable | nhcode/rxddrgid: generic drug codes |
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| Secondary (3) Indicator Method of Measurement | Questionnaire (interviewer-administered), with recording of medications from Rx bottles |
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| Frequency of Measurement (Primary) | Once (cross-sectional) |
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| U.S. Region Covered by Primary Variable | All |
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| Period Currently Available | 1999–2016 |
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| Pending Data | 2015-2016 |
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| Additional Data Items of Interest | Stage of CKD, stratification variables of interest (age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, hypertension by self-report) |
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| Limitations of Indicator | Fasting plasma glucose only on a subsample of morning participants who were fasting; OGTT available for 2005-2014 only |
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| Analytic Considerations | Appropriate NHANES survey weights, including fasting and OGTT weights, must be used for all analyses; glucose values must be converted for 2005-2006 and 2007-2008; OGTT only measured on those without diabetes |
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References and Sources:
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Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(13):1296-305.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15385656
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Foley RN, Murray AM, Li S, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(2):489-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590763
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. USRDS 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2011.
https://www.usrds.org/reference.aspx